Technical Resources

Functional sugar industry insights, sugar-reduction application guides and regulatory updates

This hub prioritizes allulose comparison, application, regulation, and research resources so search engines can more quickly understand the site's relationship to the allulose head term.

Research Paper Summaries

Peer-reviewed allulose research explained — glycemic control, GLP-1, gut health, safety, biosynthesis and more.

A Bacillus-Derived D-Allulose 3-Epimerase Exhibits Abundant Thermostability and Notable Catalytic Potency

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A D-Allulose 3-Epimerase of Bacillus Origin Exhibits High Thermostability and Notable Activity

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A Novel D-Allulose 3-Epimerase from Staphylococcus aureus Redesigned for Improved Thermostability and Efficiency

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A Preliminary Study on the Efficacy of a Diabetic Diet Containing the Rare Sugar D-Allulose in Patients with Diabetes

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Advances in Extraction Technologies and Biomedical Functions of Natural Sweeteners

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Allulose Alters Oral Microbiota and Biofilm Formation with Low Cariogenic Potential

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Allulose Reduces Postprandial Blood Glucose in Healthy Individuals: A Systematic Study

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Allulose Reduces Postprandial Blood Glucose Levels in Healthy Individuals: A Systematic Study

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Bioactivity of Soy Protein Hydrolysates Conjugated with Mannose and Allulose

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Biocatalytic Synthesis of D-Allulose Using a Novel D-Tagatose 3-Epimerase from Christensenella minuta

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Biochemical Characterization, Structure-Guided Mutagenesis, and Application of Recombinant D-Allulose 3-Epimerase from Christensenellaceae Bacterium

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Biological Activities of Soy Protein Hydrolysates Conjugated with Mannose and Allulose

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Biosynthesis of D-allulose using a novel D-tagatose 3-epimerase from Christensenella minuta

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Camel Milk and D-Allulose Synergistically Improve Camel Milk Flavor and Alleviate Insulin Resistance

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Changes in Gut Microbiota Control Inflammation in Obese Mice through a GLP-2-Dependent Mechanism

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Choosing Low- and No-Calorie Sweeteners: Dietary Guidance, Sensory, Health, and Safety Considerations

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Comprehensive Analysis of Allulose Production: Review and Update

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Comprehensive Analysis of D-Allulose Production: A Review and Update

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Computational Analysis and Development of Secretory Expression of D-Allulose-3-Epimerase in Escherichia coli

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Computational Analysis and Development of Secretory Expression of D-Psicose-3-Epimerase in Escherichia coli

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Computer Analysis and Development of Secretory Expression of D-Psicose-3-Epimerase in Escherichia coli

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Construction of a Hyperthermostable D-Allulose 3-Epimerase Using Arthrobacter globiformis M30

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Construction of an Ultra-Thermostable D-Allulose 3-Epimerase from Arthrobacter globiformis M30

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Construction of an Ultra-Thermostable D-Allulose 3-Epimerase Using Arthrobacter globiformis M30

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Crystal Structure of D-Allulose 3-Epimerase from Ruminococcus albus Provides a Molecular Basis for Engineering

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D-Allulose: A Review of In Vivo Metabolism, Catalytic Mechanisms, Engineered Strain Construction, and Biosynthesis

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D-Allulose: A Review of Research Progress on Physiological Functions and Enzymatic Biotransformation

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D-Allulose Alleviates High-Fat Diet-Induced NAFLD in Mice by Reducing Lipid Accumulation and Inflammation

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D-Allulose Ameliorates Fructose-Induced Skeletal Muscle Insulin Resistance via Ectopic Regulation

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D-Allulose Attenuates High-Fat Diet-Induced NAFLD in Mice by Reducing Lipid Accumulation and Inflammation

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d-Allulose Eases Fructose-Induced Skeletal Muscle Insulin Resistance via Ectopic Lipid Regulation

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D-Allulose Improves Macrophage Dysfunction and Mitochondrial NADH Homeostasis, Alleviating Obesity-Induced Chronic Inflammation and Insulin Resistance

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D-Allulose Inhibits Ghrelin Responses, Glucose Sensitivity, and Neuropeptide Y Neurons in the Arcuate Nucleus

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D-Allulose Mitigates High-Fat Diet-Induced NAFLD in Mice by Reducing Lipid Accumulation and Inflammation

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D-Allulose Production: A Comprehensive Review and Update

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D-Allulose Review: In Vivo Metabolism, Catalytic Mechanism, Engineered Strain Construction, and Biocatalytic Production

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D-Allulose Suppresses Ghrelin Responses, Glucose Sensitivity, and Neuropeptide Y Neurons in Arcuate Neurons

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Developing Low-Calorie Sugar and Functional Jujube Foods through Biotransformation

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Developing Low-Calorie Sugar and Functional Jujube Foods via Biotransformation

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Diabetes-Specific Oral Nutritional Supplement Containing Allulose Improves Postprandial Glucose Response in Prediabetes

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Diabetes-Specific Oral Nutritional Supplement with Allulose Improves Postprandial Glycemic Response in Prediabetes

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Dietary Guidance, Sensory, Health, and Safety Considerations When Choosing Low- and No-Calorie Sweeteners

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Effect of Rare Sugar D-Allulose on Hardening of Starch Gels during Refrigerated Storage

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Effects of Allulose and Aspartame Intake on Postprandial Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Profile and Metabolic Health Indicators

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Effects of Allulose on Blood Glucose in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials

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Effects of Alternative Sweeteners with or without Xanthan Gum on the Physicochemical Properties of Scones

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Effects of Artificial Sweeteners and Rare Sugars on the Gut Microbiome

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Effects of Natural Alternative Sweeteners on Metabolic Diseases

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Effects of Rare Sugar D-Allulose on Hardening of Starch Gels during Cold Storage

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Efficient Synthesis of Rare Sugars from Glycerol via Fermentation in Endotoxin-Free ClearColi

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Engineering, Expression, and Immobilization of Epimerases for D-Allulose Production

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Engineering Optimization of Fermentation Conditions for Whole-Cell Catalytic Synthesis of D-Allulose

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Enzymatic Biotransformation of Jujube Juice into Low-Calorie D-Allulose and Functional Food Ingredients

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Food Factors with Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Releasing Activity Improve Glucose Tolerance

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From Sweetness to Mouthfeel: A Review of Overcoming Sensory Barriers in Sugar-Free Beverages

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GLP-1 Release and Vagal Afferent Activation Mediate Beneficial Metabolic and Chronotherapeutic Effects of D-Allulose

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GLP-1 Release and Vagal Afferent Activation Mediate the Beneficial Metabolic and Chronotherapeutic Effects of D-Allulose

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Growth-Coupled Evolution Pressure with Biosen Improves Epimerase for D-Allulose Biosynthesis

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Identification of FGF21-Inducing Rare Sugars That Reduce Sugar Appetite in Male BL Mice

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Improved D-Allulose Biosynthesis by Growth-Coupled Evolution of Epimerase Using Biosen

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Improving D-Allulose 3-Epimerase Performance with Reinforced Amino-Epoxide Supports

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Metabolic Analysis of Rat Kidney Tissue After D-Allulose Administration

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Metabolic Effects and Safety of Acute D-Allulose and Erythritol Administration in Healthy Individuals

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Metabolic Effects of Selected Traditional and Alternative Sweeteners: A Narrative Review

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MON-711 Rare Sugar Allulose Induces Apolipoprotein A1 Gene Expression

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Neurochemical Modulators of Food Behavior for Obesity Pharmacotherapy: Current Status and Future Directions

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Optimization of an Ultra-High-Throughput Screening Assay for Protein Engineering of D-Allulose 3-Epimerase

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Food Research International2026

D-allulose alleviates DSS-induced colitis via regulating gut microbiota and bile acid metabolism

Ye G; Xi N; Li G; Wang Z; Li Z; Xu T; Du F; Dou G; Zhang Y; Liu J

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JMIR Research Protocols2026

Effects of Allulose vs Aspartame Consumption on Postprandial GLP-1 Profiles and Metabolic Health: A Randomized, Crossover, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial

Busch S; Ferrario PG; Henk AK; Engelbert AK; Wittek O; Seifert S; Bub A; Mack CI; Hieronimus B

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Communications Biology2025

Gut microbial utilization of the alternative sweetener, D-allulose, via AlsE

Ndjite GM; Jiang AK; Ravel CT; Grant MR; Jiang X; Hall B

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Antioxidants & Redox Signaling2025

D-Allulose Regulates Obesity via Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Pathway

Lee GH; Lee HY; Lim YJ; Kim JH; Rah SY; Chung MJ; Park SY; Sa S; Lee H; Soh Y; Kim J; Chae HJ

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Nutrients2024

The Metabolic and Endocrine Effects of a 12-Week Allulose-Rich Diet

Cayabyab KB; Shin MJ; Heimuli MS; Kim IJ; D'Agostino DP; Johnson RJ; Koutnik AP; Bellissimo N; Diamond DM; Norwitz NG; Arroyo JA; Reynolds PR; Bikman BT

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World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology2024

Advances in D-Allulose Biosynthesis: Enzymes, Conversion Limits, and Industrial Production

Review authors

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British Journal of Nutrition2022

Allulose in Human Diet: Known Metabolism, Intake Levels, and Open Safety Questions

Han Y; Kwon EY; Choi MS

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Toxicology Reports2022

Teratogenicity Study of D-Allulose: NOAEL and Food-Use Safety Context

Yagi K; Matsuo T

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Clinical Nutrition2020

Effect of Fructose and Its Epimers on Postprandial Carbohydrate Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Braunstein CR; Noronha JC; Khan TA; Mejia SB; Wolever TM; Josse RG; Kendall CW; Sievenpiper JL

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Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications2018

Luminal D-Allulose Potently Stimulates GLP-1 but Not GIP Secretion

Iwasaki Y; Sendo M; Dezaki K; Hira T; Sato T; Nakata M; Hara H; Yada T

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Production of D-Allulose from D-Fructose Using Permeabilized Recombinant Cells of Corynebacterium glutamicum

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Production of Recombinant D-Allulose 3-Epimerase Using an Auto-Induction Method in a Fermenter

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Production of Recombinant D-Allulose 3-Epimerase via Auto-Induction in a Fermenter

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Production, purification, characterization, and safety evaluation of a recombinant D-psicose 3-epimerase

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Production, Purification, Characterization, and Safety Evaluation of Recombinant D-Psicose

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Rare Sugar Members Release Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 and Inhibit Food Intake in Mice

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Rare Sugar Members Stimulate Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Release and Suppress Food Intake in Mice

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Rare Sugars: Metabolic Effects and Mechanisms of Action – A Scoping Review

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Re-evaluation of Erythritol (E 968) as a Food Additive

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Recent Advances in the Physiological Functions and Biosynthesis of D-Allulose

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Redesigning a novel D-allulose 3-epimerase from Staphylococcus aureus to improve thermostability and efficiency

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Reinforced Amino-Epoxide Support Improves D-Allulose 3-Epimerase Performance

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Research Progress on D-Allulose: A Review of Physiological Functions and Enzymatic Biotransformation

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Research Progress on Extraction Technologies and Biomedical Functions of Natural Sugar Substitutes

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Research Progress on Extraction Technology and Biomedical Functions of Natural Sweeteners

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Revealing How Allulose Influences Oral Microbiota and Biofilm Formation via Cariogenic Potential

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Revealing the Impact of Allulose on Oral Microbiota and Biofilm Formation Through Cariogenic Potential

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Safety Assessment of the Food Enzyme D-Allulose 3-Epimerase from Genetically Modified Escherichia coli

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Safety Assessment of the Food Enzyme D-Psicose 3-Epimerase from Genetically Modified Corynebacterium

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Safety Evaluation of a Non-Genetically Modified Food Enzyme Preparation Containing D-Allulose 3-Epimerase

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Safety Evaluation of the Food Enzyme D-Allulose 3-Epimerase from Genetically Modified Escherichia coli

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Safety Evaluation of the Food Enzyme D-Psicose 3-Epimerase from Genetically Modified Corynebacterium

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Safety Evaluation of the Non-Genetically Modified Food Enzyme D-Allulose 3-Epimerase

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Secretory Expression by Pichia pastoris Simplifies Production of Immobilized D-Allulose 3-Epimerase: A Novel Strategy

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Secretory Production of D-Allulose 3-Epimerase in Pichia pastoris Simplifies Immobilized Enzyme Manufacturing: A New One-Step Purification and Immobilization Approach

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Sweet Modulation: Emerging Immunomodulatory Roles of Hexoses

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Sweet Modulation: The Emerging Immunomodulatory Role of Hexoses

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Toxicological Evaluation of D-Allulose Produced by a Novel One-Step Fermentation Process Using Genetic Methods

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Using Biosen to Improve D-Allulose Biosynthesis through Growth-Coupled Evolutionary Pressure on Epimerases

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